Napster and Apple’s Ipod Essay Example for Free

Napster and Apples Ipod EssayThis topic deals with a through case study of the practice of medicine fabrication in the face of change inside the age of the Internet with the major focus on Napster and Apples ipod.In 2000 Shawn Fanning founded Napster a excite sharing program where commonwealth could transfer music for free and access the songs they have downloaded at either hour of the day. However, in 2000, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and a number of the big work recording labels argued that Napster was violating copyright laws, facilitating the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted music. (Hill, 1)After Napster was in the lime hop out for allowing concourse to take advantage of free downloads, peer sharing technologies such as Kazaa were just advance into play where plurality were able to download music in a similar fashion. In real short order after Napsters service was unsympathetic down, a number of new archive sharing servi ces started to rapidly gain users. (Hill, 11)However there was one slight difference here, people were downloading through other peoples computers and not accessing the files via a central server and therefore it became voiceless to stop this practice from taking place. The music intentness responded as it had with Napster, filing lawsuits in attempt to shut down the services for copyright violation. But in this case it was more difficult to prove invasion. (Hill, 11) deep down the last 20 years since CDs have been in vogue the music industry has changed. People have differing opinions regarding whether one is better than the other. It was Apples ipod and the Itunes online music service that revolutionized the music industry. These were the programs and applications that allowed you to obtain and listen to whatever you want but at the same time protect the artists that wrote and produced the music.It is important to nerve at the growth in the music recording industry since thes e changes took place and to see what the results and changes have been. there was strong growth in the music recording industry in the 90s. However, when the 2000s accomplish global sales dropped by 5% and continued to drop for the next three years. Many people have been blaming this negative trend on Napster. In 2003 sales dropped to a low of $32 gazillion in 2003.In the early 90s the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) was concern about(predicate) consumers burning songs downloaded over the Internet onto CDs.This was such an easy process to do as you could download the files you wished to place on your CD from Napster and use a program by which you can copy CDs. This concern was important to take into consideration because of the sheer amount of songs that were downloaded over the Internet for free and if people were downloading the songs they were not purchasing the CDs from their favourite artists.There is a large cost in promoting an artist and the use of copyrighted material makes this process even more expensive for the artist as not as many people will be purchasing the CDs. People would be more likely to download the songs instead of purchasing them because it is cheap (free) and easy.In the past, the music industry has forever and a day been concerned about the potential for piracy of copyrighted material. However, another trend that raised copyright infringement issues was MP3- compressed digital files that could be downloaded for free from the Internet. At the point where Napster was going through the courts certain lobbying groups were concerned with websites where people could download free MP3 files and in doing that listen to pirated music.The RIAA tried to shut down Napster because of piracy and the laws that the caller-up had broken. During this time the music industry also tried to develop technology that would protect digital audio recording recordings from piracy and counterfeiting.The main problem in regar d to Napster and the piracy issue is to do with the fact that Napsters service was violating copyright, facilitating massive piracy of intellectual property and consequently stealing.There were talks about a paid subscription service to be created by Napster in 2001 but nothing ended up glide slope into fruition and on September 2, 2002, Napster announced its liquidation.It is clear to see why Napster has such an appeal to its sense of hearing given the fact that it was free and people could download any song that they wanted. In todays environment people can still access peer-sharing websites however sometimes songs may be compose down under a search engine listing and may even be a computer virus. Itunes is therefore giving users and artists the best of both worlds consumers get to download the songs they want even if it is sole(prenominal) one song off a particular album and the artist gets compensated for it.All in all, it is clear to see the vast changes that have taken pl ace over the last decade or more and the fact that significant changes will take place in the future. The growing popularity and vast development available on the Internet is going to change the way people purchase and listen to music and people need to be aware of this as the world changes everyday and nothing lasts forever.ReferencesHill, Charles W, The music industry in the age of the Internet from Napster to Apples Ipod.

Governments Role In Ensuring Environment Protection Environmental Sciences Essay

Governments Role In Ensuring Environment vindication environmental Sciences EssayWide spread on humour change and global warming has been immensely forced the nations to the sustainable development.environmental ch each(prenominal)enges in non-homogeneous bio diversity in balances has been wide spread to a greater extent over the world. Improper Land Use grooming and Bio diversity in balances to the saving of Micro ecosystems is challenging to whole nations.Sri Lankan challenges however entertain been land abasement cod to alter Erosion, depletion of Coastal Resources, Waste Disposal, Loss of Biodiversity and Inland wet system contamination, from where Sri Lanka is poor on bollix disposal as a matter of priority. or so LAs, NGOs, the private sector have initiated yen interposition causes such as composting of waste at household level, recycling of waste materials, incineration and landfills.external conventions protocols treaties on purlieu has been keeping strengt h to saving prevention of the environment.Role of political science as the polity maker is signifi spatet in the setting of conservation prevention of the environment.In Sri Lanka post strife era has been the Elysium for the sustainable development. sundry(a) naming programs authority bodies urge to impose policies practices on conservation prevention of the environment.While laws policies imposed, Sri Lankan giving medication is boosted on all the blooming programs.. unless common conflicts on human nature issues still and prevailing web site in nigh of the rude areas. Also government should consider on the international bodies come in the face of nature lover whether they have the genuine interest or other(a) motives Most importantly, the government should be very careful whether it would affect the sovereignty of the kingdom.M some(prenominal) to a greater extent responsibilities to be taken and practices to be monitored by the Sri Lankan government to discip line conservation and protection of the environment.Introductionenvironmental conservation is the maintenance of the habitat, or preservation of the environment.Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment, on individual, organizational or political level, for the benefit of the ingrained environment and (or) humans. Due to the pressures of population and our technology the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been accept and governments began placing restraints on activities that caused environmental degradationGlobal warming climate change is in a tin whistle blowing topic in the present world. By decades passed by all the high powering technological movement has vastly blind the human nature and the future resources remain in the world. While men stepping in to the daydream by one hand on the other hand vastly destructing the inseparable environmental balance. though all the regulation bodies trying to get int o the one table to get on unite on the conservation protection of environment, some the main world hasnt been able to pull their genuine effort towards the reality, as an poser British pet berthum oil leakage is a significant moment where invaluable nautical species has been polluted destroyed collectible to the oil leakage.increase human pressure on the environment increases the neutralization the quest for designation of more land and ocean areas for protection. The boosting trend of designating more sites of protection has been noticed in the last years in the world. The area that could be designated as protected to balance the economic pressures is decorous scarce.Identified key challenges in this sector have been mainly broad down as follows.Environmental ChallengesToday the challenges in this sector have been identified materialize in all ends finished away the world. Therefore number of environmental threats challenges is on the airImproper Land Use Planning dista nt planning of usage of LandDepreciation of Forest Cover (De woodsation) Reduction of remaining forestsLand lack ( territory Erosion, River Sedimentation Desertification,)Insufficiency of Drinking Water to the humansEnvironmental Pollution (Air, Water Soil )Loss of Biodiversity ( Degradation and loss of Natural Habitats )Ozone Layer ReductionGreen House Gas rise and Climate ChangeNatural Disasters and Earth SlidesLack of Responsibility towards Values Accounting of EnvironmentIncreasing risk to rare speciesUnsound trouble of Natural ResourcesUnsustainable Development Activities (Unsuitable Agriculture Expansion and Settlements)Misuse of sea coral reef and inland earth mining.Uncontrolled Mining of Sand and other MineralsSpread of alien/ insidious SpeciesIntroduction of Genetically Modified OrganismsHard, unsafe and Industrial Waste generationHealth Hazards colligate to Environment Pollution.Wildlife reductionIn the context of the above unbeatable challenges human beings have been more more victims of the nature. As an example Tsunami 2004, damaged mostly S discoverh Asian countries. Therefore it should be the one and further challenge where all nations fight for.From from the Eighteenth century to the Twentieth globally known practices regulations have been imposed. outside(a) conventions, protocols treaties on environments have been powering bodies of this. foreign rules, communications protocols Treaties on Environment prescript on Wetlands of International Importance in fibreicular As Waterfowl Habitat (971) concourse concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973)Convention on the conservation Of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS 1979)United Nations Convention on The Law Of the seaVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)Montreal protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)Basel Conventi on on the Control of Trans confines Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)United Nations Convention To Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And / Or Desertification, oddly In Africa (1994)International Plant Protection ConventionInternational Convention for the Preservation of Pollution of the sea by OilConvention on the Continental ShelfConvention on the high seasInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil pollution DamageInternational Convention Relating to hindrance on the high seas in cases of oil pollutions casualtiesThe International Convention for the stripe of Pollution from the embarks (MARPOL)- 1973Bio safety Protocol ( Cartagena)Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)Key Challenges for Sri LankaLand Deprivation Due to Soil ErosionAgriculture the major contributor to the Sri Lankan GDP is affected by the degradation of land due to soil. From the total lands usable Land area is about 31% only . turnout based on Land to GDP has declined to 18% compared to 26% in 1978, due to expand action of the economy. Many agrarian practices of past and present have reduced the productive capametropolis of soil and land in the country.Some direct and indirect factors, that add to soil erosion, are Traditional cultivation Methods ( Chena cultivation)Insecure land occupation with alteration of cultivation methods too causes ruin of land because land is broken down to number of plots without considering the conservation measures.The increasing rate of peeing forestry cover.Some of the crops cultivation in the hill country such as potatoes, tobacco and vegetables has led to severe erosion.Fast developments on infrastructure.Reduction of Coastal ResourcesSri Lankan beaches are blasted by coastal resources where ecological processes of both land and maritime environments become inter linked and are influenced by human activities. damaging impacts on the coastal resources includeErosion of coastal area (about 1 meter per year) due to river daming, common sense mining, collection of coral rubble and removal of coastal vegetation)Reduction of flood buffering capacity of mangroves, in lagoons. removal f coral reefs as a result of human activities and increased sea temperature.Unplanned look for practices.Infrastructure locution.Loss of BiodiversityLoss of biodiversity is due to several pressures arising from the following activitiesPopulation increase and conversion to other land usesRemoval of materials/species from the wildCompetition between foreign species and native speciesLack of understanding of scientific wayUnder-valuation of biodiversityInequity in ownership, in balance distribution of benefits to fraternityLegal and institutional systems that force activities detrimental to biodiversity conservationEnvironmental interlinking system known as Bio div ersity is mainly reduced due to ruining of natural eco system, loss of communicable species material.Waste DisposalNumber one conflict in Sri Lanka is today the waste management. Especially urban areas are flooded with waste. Lack of management of the authorizing bodies and in like manner the human behavior and placement towards the waste disposal is very poor in main city limits. This risk has cause major health issues where number of people has been killed by dengue recent months. Although many an(prenominal) talks waste disposal is not only a governments duty. Government can consume policies adjudge but the governing agencies has to over see the practical situations. Community has a major responsibility towards the loyal disposals. Risk arises in the area where hospitals industries located. Governing agencies has major issue on lack of resources to overcome tones of waste mountain management. On the other hand during the rainy days urban areas are flooded indoors secon ds due to poor waste management methods block of drainage system. This overly causes pollution of ground water and natural habitats. Major issue is facilitating insect breeding such as mosquitoesInland water PollutionMisuse of agro chemical fertilizers has polluted inland water ponds, reservoirs, streams and rivers. Sri Lanka is proud on having man made reservoirs where most international engineers are surprised by the ancient technology we owned. Development in the industrial sites urban areas has caused water pollution in many ways.Recent International Conventions, Protocols Treaties on EnvironmentVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)Basel Convention on the Control of Trans limitation Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)United Nations Convention To Combat Desertificat ion in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And / Or Desertification, in particular In Africa (1994)International Plant Protection ConventionInternational Convention for the Preservation of Pollution of the Sea by OilConvention on the Continental ShelfConvention on the high seasInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil pollution DamageInternational Convention Relating to incumbrance on the high seas in cases of oil pollutions casualtiesThe International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from the ships (MARPOL)- 1973Bio safety Protocol ( Cartagena)Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)Role of governmentBy reasoning out the convention and protection of environmental issues it is the issue governments who has important role in this context. constitution making to the powering agencies educating community many more activities lies on them.Internationaly most of the ontogeny countries has imposed rules on clean environment. National government can impose rules policies small-arm provincial authorities can practically implement the good environmental practices.International monitoring agencies also playing major role by funding environmentally sound projects. This has been the practice and it has been added to the accounting practices where feasibility reports are combine to a sustainability reporting. Environment protection is another important role where governments responsibility is to codify laws regarding pollution, convention and sustainable uses of natural resources. As the funding agent for low utilizement on that point role is immensely crucial.Though huge technical measures are been world spread on climate change global warming individual countries can contribute on their own to reduce the impact. throw energy generation projects are the new industrial practices which add numerous values to the enviromental issues. no developing countries urge to buy carbon credits from poor countries where new economical intangible market has been created. This has take up to huge cash generation project, where timber plantation forestry cover of one acre would approximately generate US dollars 1000/ per year or so. Therefore ultimate governance lies on global interconnection of the countries. developing risk management strategies are the other responsibility to a government where major natural disasters can be overcome by minimum damage to the community. Earth slides, floods, volcanoes, hurricanes other natural disasters can be estimated by professional bodies and necessary steps could be undertaken. As an example victorious hurricanes the U.S. National ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) The strongest hurricanes in the present climate may be upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the next century as the earths climate is warmed by increasing levels of glasshouse gases in the atmosphere.USA is harshly criticized by the nations on emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. Common example is USA failed to respond to the Katrina Hurricane wrought on New Orleans poor management plan for the natural disaster also illustrates the risk management strategies are very poor.Considering Sri Lanka though there were many issues confront and transforming after Tsunami disaster is some what appealing to the western world. By proper strategies imposed on natural disaster Sri Lanka too can win this unbeatable challenges within few years. Though we are blessed with the tropical climate our responsibility towards the environment is not linear. As an example compare to other countries we have comprehensive legal system on coastal zone management laws alone, to safe guard coastal resources. But the appreciable improvement has not bought due to lack of political will on taking effective mechanisms required for implementing and monitoring such laws.Sustainable Way ForwardOn the challenges Sri Lanks is facing finished out there have been various community pro grams social activities going forward. While been a booster unit to the environment nation can be build in economically viable too. In the context of these ideas following programs has been imposed by the ministry of Environment.Pilisaru Waste guidance programmePiyakaru Purawara Green Cities computer programmeRan Derana ProgrammeGaja Mithuro ProgrammeWana Senasuna ProgrammeHaritha Gammana Eco Village ProgrammeJeewa Jawaya ProgrammeDewa Jawaya ProgrammeHaritha Niyamu ProgrammeHela Thuru Viyana ProgrammeMajor Policies Developed by the MinistryWhile urging towards the programs Sri Lankan government has imposed practical national policies aiming sustainabilityNational Environment form _or_ system of government 2003This aims to prove sound management of Sri Lankas environment balancing the commands for social and economic development and environment reliability. It also aims to manage the environment by combining together the activities, interests and perspectives of stakeholders and to assure environmental accountability.National Forestry policy 1995This legislates the clear direction to protect remaining natural forests of the country in order to conserve biodiversity, soil and water resources. The forests under the law enforcement of the Forest surgical incision is being reclassified and placed under four management systems ranging from inflexible conservation, non-extractive use, management of multiple use forests for sustainable production of wood and management of forests with community participation.The National Policy on Wild Life Conservation 2000The policy urge the commitment of the government to conserve wildlife resources through promoting conservation, maintaining ecological processes and life sustaining systems, managing genetic diversity and ensuring sustainable utilization and sharing of equitable benefits arising from biodiversity. It emphasis the need for effective protected area management with the participation of local communities. National Air Quality Management Policy 2000The routine of this policy is to maintain good air quality to reduce morbidity due to air pollution and in turn reduce national health expenditures.National Watershed Management Policy 2004Policy aims to conserve, protect, rehabilitate, sustainably use and manage the watersheds while managing their environment characteristics with the involvement of people.Cleaner Production Policy 2004The objective of this policy is to incorporate the cleaner production concept and practices into all development sectors of the country. To implement the policy sectoral policies were genuine for health and tourism in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Tourism.National Biosafety Policy 2005The policy on biosafety set the overall framework in which adequate safety measures will be certain and put into force to pick at possible risks to human health and the environment while extracting maximum benifits from any potential that mode rn bio technology may offer.National Air Quality Management Policy 2000The purpose of this policy is to maintain good air quality to reduce morbidity due to air pollution and in turn reduce national health expenditures.National Policy on Wetlands 2005This policy seeks to give effect to National Environment Policy and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international conventions, protocols, treaties and agreements to which Sri Lanka is a party.National Policy on Sand as a Resource for the saying Industry 2006This policy statement reflects Sri Lankas constitutional, international and national obligations, including the Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992, the National Environmental Act of 1980, the Coast Conservation Act of 1981 and other relevant legislation, regulations and policy statements. This dignifies the effectively manage good sense resource on the construction and keeping a better reserve for future generations.Nat ional Policy on Elephant Conservation 2006Widely knowing conflict of elephants enforced the government to implement this policy. This natural beast interconnected with Sri Lankas history, culture, religions, and even politics that it would be difficult to imagine the island without it. Therefore the present policy was developed to ensure the long-term survival of the elephant in the wild in Sri Lanka through the easing of the human-elephant conflict.National Policy on Solid Waste ManagementTo handle the serious issue of square(a) waste management ministry recognized the need for a national approach to handle this. Therefore National policy on Solid Waste Management has been prepared to ensure economically feasible environmentally sound solid waste management for the country through provincial and local authorities.This policy focuses on areas to ensure environmental accountability and social responsibility of all waste generators, waste managers and service providers, to actively involve individuals and all institutions for sound solid waste management practices, to maximize resource recovery with a view to minimize the amount of waste for disposal and to minimize adverse environmental impacts due to waste disposal to ensure health and well being of the people and on ecosystems.Sri Lankan Implementing AgenciesDepartment of Forest ConservationThe Forest Department (FD) was established in 1887. Over the years many initiatives have been taken to minimize the rate of deforestation by effective application of the provisions in the Forest Ordinance.Department of Wildlife ConservationThe Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWLC) was established in 1949 and entrusted with the overall conservation of fauna and flora of the country and the maintenance of its diversity.Central Environmental AuthorityThe Central Environmental Authority (CEA) was established in August 1981 under the provisions of the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980, which was later amended i n 1988 and 2000.Marine Pollution Prevention AuthorityMarine Pollution Prevention Authority contribute to protect the marine environment from ship based and shore based maritime related activity, to comply with International and national obligations by declaration of laws and regulations.Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB)Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) was established in 1993. It is mainly entangled in promoting the conservation and management of the mineral resources of the country. It seeks to ensure that the mineral potential is realized for the benefit of the country and the minerals are extracted in an efficient, safe and environmentally sound way.State tint CorporationThe State Timber Corporation was incorporated in 1968 under the provisions of State Industrial Corporation Act No. 49 of 1957 for the purpose of extracting timber from the forests, conversion of such timber into sawn timber and finished products, sale of logs, construction of forest roads, opera tion of timber and firewood sales depots, and manufacture and marketing of any by-products from timber.Sri Lanka Wildlife Trust (WT)The Wildlife Trust of Sri Lanka (WT) is registered as a charitable Trust, in 1991 under the Trust Ordinance No. 1552 and the Code of Intellectual proportion Act No. 52 of 1979.ConclusionWhile laws policies imposed, Sri Lankan government is boosted on all the blooming programs. However common conflicts on human nature issues still and prevailing situation in most of the rural areas. What we can think after all the authorites acts imposed?Some of the other issues created by the Convention Protection of Natural forests in Sri Lanka due to poor fund requirements. Therefore government should please the international bodies agencies to put on aid for the environmentally sound projects. Normally it is a norm that Sri Lankan government will not enforce forest conservation if it didnt come under a condition of a grant. But Non government agencies also imp act some of our natural genetic resources by way of many projects developments. Some countries are unmitigated on most of there genetic materials and keep the biodiversity sites under military support. As an example The putting to death of two Indonesian tribals who tried to enter to COMODO National Park is a popular story to leaven how they treat the people in biologically valuable sites. But some of the their approach of removing people from the forest and buffer zones are not an applicable option for Sri Lanka.In they recent past it has been noticeable while the laws regulations there people will act on the same manner where there need filled. Governement t therefore can be a practical partner in all ends take part on the conservation protection the environment where immensely keep pressure on the authoriting agencies to inject the attitude to the people.As a country we have to have policies and laws to protect the alienation of forest resources to stop pirating the genetic material, plant serum, plant species or the traditional knowledge. Therefore government should ensure above main objectives forwards entering into any agreement.Sri Lanka has many more way towards a clean nation. By overcoming spreading challenges on environments Sri Lanka is no sooner be the South Asian Miracle.

Manchester City Swot Analysis Marketing Essay

Manchester urban center Swot Analysis Marketing EssayINTRODUCTIONThe stomach is basically about the twain football groups from different football confederacys. The idea is to make a strategicalal comparison between the two team ups. The names of the football teams that support been taken for comparison include the Manchester urban center football game fraternity and Barcelona football golf fellowship. The team Manchester city is basically from the English chancellor league whereas the team Barcelona is from the Spanish Division (Barcelona Soccer Institute, 2012). Both the teams have a well behaved reputation in the Football industry around the Globe. The position of the project is to probe the mission and vision statements of twain these nines and comp ar them to analyze the comparative effectiveness of the two. This will provide more than information as to who is the better side of the two of them. On the former(a) pot SWOT analysis of both teams will as well as be conducted and compared to take to which team has the intimately strengths and opportunities available.BACKGROUND AND HISTORYManchester City Football hostelry is basically an English premier league football rescript located and based in Manchester. It was founded in 1880 and was initially called West Gorton. whence in 1887 they became Ardwick Association Football club and then they became Manchester City in 1894. Thisclub has played at the City of Manchester stadium since the period of 2003, and have excessively played for Maine Road from 1923 as well (Wikipedia, Manchester City F.C., 2013). the most cherishing and successful period for the club was in the late 1960s and the early part of 1970s when they managed to march on the league championship, League Cup, FA Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup under the commission of Malcolm Allison and Joe Mercer. After world defeated in the FA cup final of 1981, the cup in reality went into the phase of decline, totally culmi nating in relegating towards the third tier of English football in 1998. This was the only time in their history that they went so down. After having regained the status of premier league, the club was eventually purchased by the Abu Dhabi join Group and the club became cardinal of the wealthiest in the world. In the year 2011 the Manchester city club managed to qualify for the champions league and was able to win the FA cup. In the year 2012 the club managed to win the premier league, which is also referred to as their first league title in the past forty historic period.On the some other hand Futsal Club Barcelona is there from the emergence of their football club in 1899. FC Barcelona, which is also known as merely Barcelona or Barca is actually based in Barcelona Catalonia in Spain (Wikipedia, History of FC Barcelona, 2011). The team was actually founded by a group of English, Spanish and Swiss footballers, and this group was actually led by Joan Gamper. The club has been k nown to play amateur football in the early years until 1910 in various competitions that were regional. It was also in 1910 that the club participated in the first of their European competitions, and since that time the club has been able to win 10 UEFA trophies and a sextuple. By the year 1928 Barcelona co-founded La liga which is the top tier in Spanish football, and they also found some small string of football clubs as well. Barcelona has never been relegated from La liga and share the same record as single of their competitors known as the real Madrid.CORPORATE presidencyCorporate governance is basically a system of rules, processes and practices by which the comp some(prenominal) is controlled and directed. The concept actually involves reconciliation the interests of the various stakeholders in the company.Looking at the structure of both the football clubs, both are very(prenominal) similar and follow a business format of a public limited company. Manchester city Footbal l club has been having a good time with the focus and all the stakeholders of the company are satisfied (Corporate Info, 2012). The principal(prenominal)(prenominal) reason behind this is that the circumspection of the football club aims to motivate the football players and fans for the company, on the other hand the players believe in continuous and quality. The main aim of this football club is to fulfill the expectations of their fans and people.On the other hand Barcelona is one of the most successful clubs of the world. The club believes in total quality and promotes many a(prenominal) internality values like healthy diet, tolerance, and sports for the disabled. On the other hand the club also speaks against racism (Pont, 2011). The management of the company and the players has been facing some problems therefore Barcelona fails to balance the interests of various stakeholders of the company.SWOT ANALYSISBARCELONA FOOTBALL corporationSTRENGTHSBarcelona has a strong local Brand name and the best club in Europe and Spain.The cantonment Now stadium of Barcelona has a seating capacity in excess of 100000Barcelona has the best players in the world that are playing for their Team.The brands known as the UNICEF, Qatar Foundation and Nike are associated Brands with the Barcelona Football Club. This means that the team has one of the best brand endorsements in the world.WEAKNESSESThe team is known to have a lot of controversies in the football matches.It is basically from the lesser popular and famous clubs as compared to the clubs that are EnglishOPPORTUNITYThe club has the opportunity to increase their fan bases from the countries like china, USA and India.If the Barcelona football club is able to focus on more advertising and promotions then this will help the club a lot in build brand equity.THREATSThe other clubs that are prevalent in Europe are buying out the good players out of Barcelona. This can be fatal for the club if they do non stop this fro m happeningThe club has reported a lot of internal problems between the players and management which can also pose a threat to the wellbeing of the club in the future.The club has been known to have a lot of financial debt because it has been involved in the player transfers of expensive players. This can cause liquidity problems to the club in the future.MANCHESTER urban center SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHSThe Manchester city football club has a local positioning within ManchesterThe club has a lot of openness and innovation in the department of culture. They allow players from all cultures to prove their worthy and join the club.The club has some of the richest sponsors as compared to other clubs.WEAKNESSESThe club has a weak presence in the city of Manchester because many other competitors are also popular over here.The name of this club is not very well established as compared to other clubs.Most of the players playing in this club are average players.OPPORTUNITIESThe club should hi gher better players and make use of the rich sponsors that they have. This will improve of the implementation of the club in the future.The club should get more brand endorsements to improve the brand image of the club.The club can higher some of the best coaches around the world given the fact that the club is rich.THREATSManchester United Football club is better than Manchester City and is more popular in Manchester than any other football club.As the case with other clubs internal problems are prevalent in this club between the management and the Coach. The club should ensure that the problems do not get worse in the future.ICEBERG PRINCIPLES THEORYThe iceberg is basically a model that not only considers the visible logical level of the subject, but also explains the invisible emotional level of the subject (GmbH). The logic level of the subject which includes the strategy, structure, functions and processes usually accounts for 10% of the overall human capacity whereas the cu ltural level amounts to 90% of the human capacity.Following is the sketch for a ordinary Iceberg Theory.The structure of the iceberg principle and its 5 process levelsSTRATEGIC LEVELAt the strategic level Manchester city FC aims for delivering the best quality football to its fans. They are basically concerned for high action and value for the shareholders of the company. On the other hand the Barcelona football club claims to be one of the best in the world and they claim that they are not just a club they are more than a club.STRUCTURAL LEVELThe management performance for Barcelona has been poor at the structural level because the company has incurred many losses because of expensive player contracts. On the other hand Manchester city has one of the richest management team. The management team rewards its players very well and their goal is quality performance for the fans.PROCESS LEVELManchester city claims that its stub values include serving the fans of the football club by portraying excellent performance. Their main aim is to create continuous value for its fans and the shareholders of the company. On the other hand Barcelona aims to work about by side by side(p) the core values including the treatment of sports as the focal point, supporting the strategic plans of the club and exploring the new areas of pay for the club. The club also aims at bringing the members closer to the club in terms of activity and communication. usable LEVELThe performance level of the employees or the players of Manchester city has been very high in the present. This is because they have tardily won the premier league for the first time in the past forty years. Therefore, the performance level of the players has been excellent. On the other hand Barcelona has been struggling recently because of some clashes between the management and players of the club. On the other hand there have been many player transfers from this team in the recent years which has touched the team chemistry to some extent. However the team has the potential to bounce back from such problems because it is one of the best clubs of the Spanish league.CULTURAL LEVELAt the cultural level Barcelona football club has been affiliated to promote the society as much as possible. They see children and young people as their main beneficiaries and are also known to promote values and education. The club has also organized many dissipated activities for the civilians of the country. On the other hand Manchester city is known to play for the fans. They have highly praised the fans of the football club for their never ending support. On the other hand Manchester city has Donated 500000 pounds to the Royal Manchester Childrens hospital recently and has also been known to perform charity work for the people. Therefore both the clubs have a good human relationship with the fans and the society at the cultural levelCONCLUSIONAfter all the analysis that has been conducted for both Manchester city and Barcelona, it is true to say that there are some considerable differences in the results. Considering the SWOT analysis of both the clubs, it is evident that Barcelona is no doubt a better side than Manchester City by all means. This is because they have the best players from around the world, and some excellent brand endorsements as compared to Manchester City who are usually class-conscious as an average side overall. However Barcelona has been facing a lot of internal problems such as the problems between players and management, the frequent transfer of expensive players, and their recent financial crises. Manchester city does not have any such problems and are a more stable side because they have one of the richest clubs in the world.On the other hand the Vision and mission statements of both the football leagues are good. The mission statement of Manchester city is more thorough than that of Barcelona. The corporate governance of Manchester city is better than that of Barcelona, and the Iceberg principle also looks more favorable for Manchester City overall.Therefore Manchester City is surprisingly a more stable side as compared to Barcelona despite the fact that Barcelona has a better football club.

European Union Regional Policy

European conjugation regional indemnity After the min World War, there had been attempts to re-unify the war-torn countries in Europe. However, there were many obstacles on the processes made. Problems still existed amid rival countries such as in the midst of France and Germany, and sparing situations in the European countries later the war was in a charter of development. In order to get away with such paradoxs of providence and relation between these countries, a community was created in 1951 by having first coal and brace as their central sh ared interests. This European Coal and Steel residential district later genuine in to the European Economic Community and in the long run in to the well-known European union. This kind of community allows its fraction to correct their scotch conditions through custom heart and free trade, while advances their diplomatic relationship through their interactions. Efforts to integrate Europe can similarly be seen in 6 expl osions of the Union allowing other states of Europe to join after they dupe accepted the community law. However, allowing other states to be divisions of the Union representation there leave be differences between the new and the old members of the union especially in economical terms. The most significant enlargement was the fifth enlargement in 2004 which was when the ten poor states in Europe trenchant to join the Union. In order to lessen the financial gaps between the members, the regional insurance came in and played a major role in improving the economic disparities between states to allow their economy to grow. This paper result be focusing on the background of the regional policy, reasons why it is needed, primary(prenominal) verifiables, geographical eligibility, and who decides the mount.Background The idea of balancing the economic status of member states in the community has been there since the very early years of the European integration, or around 1950s. T here were common chord sectors of financial support which were created during 1957- 1988 the root of the integration, to help support the development missions of the European Community the European loving origin (ESF), the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), and the European regional Development Fund (ERDF). In 1986, the cohesion policy was introduced after the agreement on the Single European Act with the verifiables of re-uniting and developing the economy of member states all together. However, in order to achieve the purpose of foodstuff development through support and emulation between states, the members of the Union have to be equally strong or at least, the differences between countries shall not be very high in economic sense, or the poorer ones testament not be able to survive within the Union.Reasons for having the European Regional Policy The European Union expansion has been achieved, merely only in the number of members, not in economi c and favorable development terms. several(predicate) countries have different financial and social status, but to unite them together and to amend their economic growth, these differences have to be reduced to the extent that they impart not affect the countries with economic and social disadvantages in a interdict way, but allow them to grow stronger together and compatible with the more-developed nations in the community. The enlargement in 2004 has included 10 poorer countries in Europe in to the Union Poland, Cyprus, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania and other 2 later on in 2007 Romania and Bulgaria, in to the European Union making its numbers increased to 27 members (the EUs fifth Enlargement, 2004). The population of the union has increased significantly by 20%, but there was only 5% increase in the gross domestic product or the Gross Domestic Product of the Union. The problem here is that now the gross domestic product per person is lower than the average level of the European Union-27 in the ploughshare of 25% (one in four regions) making it a need to light their differences (Regional Policy, 2009). It is an idea agreed by all of the Unions members that in order to ameliorate the economy of all(prenominal) state and of the union as a completely, competition within the market is required. To survive in the competitive market and to improve its economy, a state needs to make itself capable of competing. The regional policy is there for financing the in-needed regions projects and helping the countries within the union to r to each one their goal of economic expansion, competitiveness, and solidarity. Ideas and technology can also be shared between states as in the process of development.Main objectives There are three main objectives divided by the Union Convergence, Regional Competitiveness and Employment, and European Territorial Cooperation, and three structural funds and instruments the Eu ropean Fund for Regional Development, the European Social Fund, and the coherency Fund. The policy for integrating and balancing the economic and social conditions in Europe is also known as the cohesion Policy whose current budget of 2007-2013 is 347.41 billion euro or around 35.7% of the general budget of the European Union (Regional Policy, 2009).The Convergence Objective aims to promote economic growth and social development for the least-developed members of the Union in order to set ahead their ideal convergence. The areas of concern are environment, tourism, culture, transportation, energy, education, health, risk prevention, etc. The funding for this objective is consisted of around 282.8 billion euro (81.54% of the total ropiness Policy funding) provided by the EFRD, ESF, and the Cohesion Fund ibid.The Regional Competitiveness and Employment objective helps supporting regions to toughen their economy by investing on the public and private sectors of the regional econom y to emphasize on competition, attractiveness and employment. By doing so, they believe that it go away provide more works with better standard for the people of each region which will also improve the regions economic and social conditions. This objective also has its aim on preserving the environment, improving transportation and communication system. The do of funding for this objective is 55 billion euro (15.95% of the total Cohesion Policy funding) provided by EFRD and ESF ibid.The European Territorial and Co-operation objective is funded by the European Fund for Regional Development with the amount of 8.7 billion euro (2.52% of the total Cohesion Policy funding) ibid. This objective aims at improving the integrated regions social and economic conditions, multinational cooperation, and at a lower placelining the answeriveness of the Regional Policy.Geographical EligibilityThe state members who are eligible for receiving the Cohesion Policy Fund are mostly countries from th e 5th and 6th enlargements in 2004 and 2007, whose Gross National Income (GNI) are less than 90% of the average of the European Union. Regions which get this kind of funding are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia (Regional Policy, 2009). Spain is another state of matter that fits in this phratry, however, for Spain it is a special case since its GNI was low enough for this category when EU had 15 members. In order to deal with this matter, Spain was put under the phasing-out system, so the country will not be much bear on after the ten poorer states join the Union in 2004.The Convergence objectives funding is available for countries whose Gross Domestic Product per person is lower than 75% of the European Union average (Regional Policy, 2009). Examples of regions in this category (EU-25) are the whole Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia, parts of Cz ech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Italy, France, United Kingdom, and Portugal. For the phasing-out system which was introduced to help reduce the effect it might have on the poor countries receiving this funding before the poorer 10 countries join the EU, which concerns countries who were eligible at the time when EU had 15 members are some regions in Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, Austria, Portugal, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The Regional Competitiveness and Employment Objectives funding is available to regions who are not supported by the convergence objective, and until 2013- whose GDP is higher than 75% of the EU-15 average. Examples of these regions are those in Eire-Ireland, Greece, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Portugal, etc. The geographical eligibility for the European Territorial Cooperation Objective consists of cross-border cooperation transnational and interregional cooperation- including regions within a distance of 150km. on board of inner, outer land bord ers, and maritimes.Who decides funds? The European commission will talk about with its member states about the cohesion policy and the strategy for dealing with each states conditions in order to reduce the existing disparities between the more developed and the less developed regions within the Union. After come to an agreement, the Commission will draw out a proposal and hand it over to the European Parliament and the European Council who will take it into consideration and decide on the structural funds and their regulations.Conclusion The expansion of the European Union is firing well throughout the decades however, after accepting new members from the poorer regions, especially in the enlargement of 2004, the European Union has faced with a bigger problem of social and economic differences between member states. In order to cope with this matter, the Regional Policy has been emphasized on more than in the erstwhile(prenominal) to improve the newly-joined-less-developed regio ns and the old-less-developed regions economic and social status, so that they are compatible with the more developed countries. In order to improve the European Unions economic and social status, the market has to remain its competitiveness and solidarity, meaning that if the poorer countries are less capable, they may not be able to survive or improve their economy, but financially and socially fail. The Regional Policy helps improve the smaller bits of the member states in regional scale to make better environment for the prox stronger economy of the countries and strengthen their conditions, so that they will be able to get by in the domestic and international market, improve their social and economic situations and also those of the Union as a whole.ReferencesRegional Policy, 2009. Regional Policy. European Commission. online unattached at http//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/policy/history/index_en.htm Accessed 20 March 2010.The EUs 5th Enlargement, 2004. The European Union in the World. Enlargement. online Available at http//www.dellbn.ec.europa.eu/en/enlargement/index.htm Accessed 20 March 2010.Malais J. Haegeman, H., 2009. Analysis on the European Union Regional Policy. European Union Regional Policy. online Available at http//www.iiuedu.eu/ shift/journals/sds/sds1_july_2008/07_SECC_03.pdf Accessed 20 March 2010.

Database security and encryption

selective disciplinebase warranter measure and encryptionIntroductionOrganisations be increasingly relying on the distri scarceed skiming musical arrangements to get by dint of productivity and efficiency advantages, but at the said(prenominal) metre ar becoming to a greater extent vulnerable to aegis measures threats. disciplinebase dodges be an integral comp acent of this distributed randomness system and correspond on the full the info which enables the whole system to pass away. A entropybase crowd break be define as a sh bed collection of logically related entropy and a translation of this instruction, designed to meet the nurture needs of an organization. A selective cultivationbase system is considered as a collection of related selective reading, selective disciplinebase management system (DBMS) a softw atomic summate 18 that manages (define, create and maintain) and visualize conditions the approaching to the selective infobase, a nd a collection of database coat(s) a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution (typical model is a SQL statement) along with the DBMS and the database itself 1. Organisations lose adopted database systems as the mark data management technology for decision- devising and day-to-day operations. Databases argon designed to hold broad amounts of data and management of data involves both defining structures for fund of discipline and providing mechanisms for manipulation of knowledge. As the data is to be sh atomic number 18d among several(prenominal) accustomrs the system mustinessiness avoid anomalous results and ensure the safety of the information stored despite system crashes and attempts at unaccredited entrance money. The data involved present heap be highly sensitive or confidential, thus do the pledge of the data managed by these systems even more crucial as both security breach does non imprint whole a single application o r user but faeces suck disastrous consequences on the entire organisation. A number of security techniques have been suggested over the period of time to tackle the security issues. These tail be classified as entree control, inference control, flow control, and encoding.1.1 A niggling HistoryStarting from the day one when database applications were build apply gradable and ne twainrk systems to to age date when we have so me truly different database systems exchangeable relational databases (RDBMS), object-oriented databases (OODBMS), object-relational databases (ORDBMS), eXt lasted Query (XQUERY) one factor which was, is, and will be of the ut more or less immenseness is the security of the data involved. Data always has been a valuable as execute for companies and must be protected. Organizations spend millions these days in society to achieve the best security standards for the DBMS. Most of an organizations sensitive and proprietorship data resides in a DBMS, thus th e security of the DBMS is a primary concern. When we talk of securing a DBMS, this is with respect to both the inherent and the outside(a) users. The midland users atomic number 18 the organization employees like database administrators, application developers, and end users who honest use the application interface, which fetch its data from one of the databases and the outer users burn be the employees who do non have introduction to the database or an noncitizen who has nonhing to do with the organization. The other factors which has made data security more crucial is the recent rapid growth of the web based information systems and applications and the supposition of mobile databases. Any intentional or accidental instance that pot adversely affect a database system is considered as a threat to database and database security can be defined as a mechanism that protects the database against such intentional or accidental threats. Security breaches can be classified as unauthorized data observation, incorrect data passing, and data unavailability, which can lead to loss of confidentiality, availability, law, privacy, and theft and fraud. Unauthorized data observation results in disclosure of information to users who might non be entitled to have access to such kind of information. Incorrect data modification intentional or unintentional leaves the database in an incorrect state. Data can hamper the buy the farmality of an entire organization in a right way if not operational when needed. Thus the security in scathe of databases can be broadly classified into access security and ingrained security. annoy security refers to the mechanisms implemented to restrict both sort of unauthorized access to the database ensamples can be authorization methods such as both user has a unique username and give-and- snap to establish him as a veritable user when trying to connect to the database. When the user tries to connect to the database the log in certification will be checked against a set of usernames and password combinations apparatus under a security rule by a security administrator. Internal security can be referred to as an extra direct of security, which comes into picture if someone has already breached the access security such as acquiring hold of a valid username and password, which can help getting access to the database. So the security mechanism implemented within the database such as encrypting the data inside the database can be classed as internal security, which prevents the data to be compromised even if someone has got unauthorized access to the database.every organization needs to identify the threats they might be domained to and the subsequently arrogate security plans and countermeasures should be taken, taking into consideration their implementation costs and do on performance. Addressing these threats helps the enterprise to meet the compliance and risk mitigation requirements of the most re gulated industries in the world.1.2 How Databases argon VulnerableAccording to David Knox 2, Securing the Database may be the single biggest action an organization can take, to protect its assets. Most normally utilise database in an enterprise organization is relational database. Data is a valuable resource in an enterprise organization. Therefore they have a very plastered need of strictly controlling and managing it. As discussed antecedent it is the responsibility of the DBMS to make sure that the data is kept watertight and confidential as it the element which controls the access to the database. Enterprise database infrastructure is subject to an overwhelming range of threats most of the times. The most common threats which an Enterprise Database is undecided to areExcessive exemption Abuse when a user or an application has been allow database access privileges which exceeds the requirements of their job functions. For example an academic engraft employee whose job onl y requires only the ability to change the contact information for a student can also change the grades for the student.Legitimate allow Abuse legitimate database access privileges can also be abuse for malicious purposes. We have twain risks to consider in this situation. The first one is confidential/sensitive information can be copied utilise the legitimate database access privilege and indeed sold for money. The second one and maybe the more common is retrieving and storing large amounts of information on invitee railcar for no malicious reason, but when the data is available on an term machine rather than the database itself, it is more susceptible to Trojans, laptop theft, etc.Privilege Elevation software vulnerabilities which can be found in stored procedures, organic functions, protocol implementations or even SQL statements. For example, a software developer can gain the database administrative privileges by exploiting the vulnerabilities in a built-in function.D atabase Platform Vulnerabilities any additional avails or the operating system installed on the database waiter can lead to an authorized access, data corruption, or defense force of dish up. For example the Blaster Worm which took advantage of vulnerability in Windows 2000 to create defensive measure of service.SQL Injection the most common oncoming technique. In a SQL nip assault, the attacker typically inserts unauthorized queries into the database using the vulnerable web application input forms and they get executed with the privileges of the application. This can be done in the internal applications or the stored procedures by internal users. Access to entire database can be gained using SQL injection fainthearted Audit a strong database canvass is essential in an enterprise organization as it helps them to cope with the government regulatory requirements, permits investigators with forensics link intruders to a crime deterring the attackers. Database Audit is c onsidered as the last line of database defense. Audit data can identify the organism of a violation after the fact and can be use to link it to a particular user and repair the system in case corruption or a denial of service attack has occurred. The main reasons for a jerry-built audit are it degrades the performance by consuming the CPU and disk resources, administrators can pervert off audit to hide an attack, organizations with mixed database environments cannot have a uniform, scalable audit parade over the enterprise as the audit routinees are unique to database horde platformDenial of Service access to vane applications or data is denied to the intended users. A unproblematic example can be crashing a database server by exploiting vulnerability in the database platform. Other common denial of service techniques are data corruption, network flooding, server resource overburden (common in database environments).Database Protocol Vulnerabilities SQL Slammer worm took adv antage of a geological fault in the Microsoft SQL Server protocol to force denial of service conditions. It unnatural 75,000 victims just over 30 minutes dramatically slowing mow general internet traffic. Analysis of BGP Update Surge during Slammer Worm AttackWeak Au and sotication obtaining legitimate login credentials by improper way contributes to weak authentication turning aways. The attackers can gain access to a legitimate users login expound by various ways by repeatedly entering the username/password combination until he finds the one which works (common or weak passwords can be guessed easily), by convincing someone to share their login credentials, by larceny the login credentials by copying the password files or notes.Backup Data Exposure there are several cases of security breaches involving theft of database moderation tapes and hard disks as this media is thought of as least prone to attack and is often completely unprotected form attack 3.All these security threats can be accounted for unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification and data unavailability. A complete data security solution must take into consideration the secrecy/confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Secrecy or confidentiality refers to the protection of data against unauthorized disclosure, integrity refers to prevention of incorrect data modification and availability refers to prevention of hardware/software errors and malicious data access denials making the database unavailable. 1.3 Security TechniquesAs organizations increase their adoption of database systems as the rudimentary data management technology for day-to-day operations and decision-making, the security of data managed by these systems has become crucial. Damage and misuse of data affect not only a single user or application, but may have disastrous consequences on the entire organization. There are four main control measures which can be used to turn in security of data in databases. These are Access Control induction Control Flow Control Data encodingChapter 2 literary works ReviewSecure and secret means of discourse has been always coveted for in the field of database systems. There is always a possibility of interception by a party outside of the transmitter-receiver domain when data is transmitted. Modern digital-based encoding methods form the basis of todays world database security. encoding in its earlier days was used by military and government organizations to facilitate secret information but in present times it is used for protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. In 2007 the U.S. government reported that 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption or some of their data in infiltrate 4.2.1 encryption encipherion is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithmic ruleic programic rule (cipher) into ill-defined form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) ma king it inaccessible to anyone without possessing special bopledge to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any program without the decipherment linchpin, is called encryption 1. The code and cipher are the two methods of encrypting data. The encryption of data or a capacity is accomplished by one, or both, of the methods of encoding or enciphering. Each involves distinct methodologies and the two are differentiated by the direct at which they are carried out. Encoding is performed at the word or throng level and deals with the manipulation of groups of characters. Enciphering works at the character level. This includes scrambling individual characters in a message, referred to as transposition, and substitution, or successor characters with others. Codes generally are designed to replace entire words or stave offs of data in a message with other words or blocks of data. Languages can be considered cod es, since words and phrases represent ideas, objects, and actions. There are codes that fireman entire phrases or groups of numbers or symbols with others. A single system may employ both levels of encoding. For example, consider a code encryption end as follows the = jam, man = barn, is = fly, dangerous = rest. Then the message, the man is dangerous, would read in encrypted form, jam barn fly rest. Although overly-simplistic, this example illustrates the basis of codes. With the approach of electrical-based communications, codes became more sophisticated in answer to the needs of the systems. For example, the inventions of Morse code and the telegraph dictated a need for plug transmission that was more sophisticated. Codes are very susceptible to breaking and possess a large exposure surface with regard to interception and decryption via analysis. Also, there are no easily-implemented means by which to detect breaches in the system. The other method of encryption is the cipher. Instead of replacing words or blocks of numbers or symbols with others, as does the code, the cipher replaces individual or smaller sets of letter, numbers, or characters with others, based on a certain algorithm and place. Digital data and information, including video, audio, and text, can be separated into groups, or blocks, of bits, and then manipulated for encryption by such methods as XOR (exclusive OR), encoding-decoding, and rotation. As an example, let us examine the basics of the XOR method. Here, a group of bits (e.g., a byte) of the data is compared to a digital fundamental, and the exclusive-or operation is performed on the two to produce an encrypted result. render 2 illustrates the process. Figure 2 The XOR process for EncryptionWhen the exclusive-or operation is performed on the plaintext and pick up, the ciphertext emerges and is sent. The receiver performs the exclusive-or operation on the ciphertext and the alike(p) fundamental, and the maestro plaintext is reproduced 5. Encryption can be reversible and irreversible. Irreversible techniques do not allow the encrypted data to be decrypted, but at the same time the encrypted data can be used to obtain valid statistical information. Irreversible techniques are rarely used as compared to the reversible ones. The whole process of transmitting data securely over an insecure network system is called as cryptosystem that includes An encryption underlying to encrypt the data (plaintext) An encryption algorithm that transforms the plaintext into encrypted information (ciphertext) with the encryption key A decryption key to decrypt the ciphertext A decryption algorithm that transforms the ciphertext back into plaintext using the decryption key 1.2.2 Encryption TechniquesThe goals in digital encryption are no different than those of historical encryption schemes. The difference is found in the methods, not the objectives. Secrecy of the message and keys are of paramount importance in any system, whether they are on parchment paper or in an electronic or optical format 5. Various encryption techniques are available and broadly can be classified into two categories a interchangeable and symmetric encryption. In symmetric encryption the sender and receiver share the same algorithm and key for encryption and decryption and depends on safe communication network for encryption key exchange whereas in asymmetric encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption. Asymmetric encryption gave birth to the concept of worldly concern and private keys and is best-loved to symmetric encryption being more secure 1, 5.2.2.1 Symmetric EncryptionSymmetric encryption also known as single-key encryption or conventional encryption was the only encryption and by far the most widely used of the two types before the concept of creation-key encryption came into picture. The figure below illustrates the symmetric encryption process. The original message (plaintext) is converted into appa rently random information (ciphertext) using an algorithm and a key. The key is a value independent of the plaintext. The algorithm produces different outputs for item keys used at the time i.e. the output of the algorithm changes if the key is changed. The ciphertext produced is then transmitted and is transformed back to the original plaintext by using a decryption algorithm and the same key that was used for encryption.Figure change Model of Conventional Encryption 7 page 22The model can be better understood by the following example. A source produces a message X = X1, X2, X3 XM in plaintext. The M elements of X are letters in some finite alphabet. The alphabet usually consisted of 26 bully letters traditionally but nowadays binary alphabet 0,1 is used. An encryption key K = K1, K2, K3 .KJ is generated and is shared between the sender and the receiver using a secure channel. Also a third party can generate the encryption key and securely deliver it to both the sender and the receiver. Using the plaintext X and the encryption key K as input, the encryption algorithm produces the ciphertext Y = Y1, Y2, Y3 .YN asY = EK(X)where E is the encryption algorithm and the ciphertext Y is produced as the function of the plaintext X using E. At the receivers end the ciphertext is converted back to the plaintext as X = DK(Y)where D is the decryption algorithm.Figure Model of Conventional Cryptosystem 7 page 23The common symmetric block ciphers are Data Encryption regulation ( stilboestrol), Triple diethylstilboestrol, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)2.2.1.1 The Data Encryption StandardData Encryption Standard has been used in the most widely used encryption schemes including Kerberos 4.0. The National representation of Standards adopted it as a standard in 1977 7. diethylstilboestrol operates on 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. Like other encryption schemes, in DES there are two inputs to the encryption function, the plaintext to be encrypted and the key. The plaintext should be of 64 bits in length and the key length is 56 bits obtained by husking off the 8 parity bits, ignoring every eighth bit from the wedded 64-bit key. The output from the algorithm after 16 rounds of identical operations is the 64-bit block of ciphertext. A suitable combination of permutations and combinations (16 times) on the plaintext is the basic building block of the DES. Same algorithm is used for both encryption and decryption yet for processing the key schedule in the reverse order 6, 7. The 64-bit plaintext is passed through an initial permutation (IP) that produces a permuted input by rearranging the bits. This is followed by16 rounds of the same function, which involves both permutation and substitution functions. The last round results in the output consisting of 64-bits that are a function of the input plaintext and the key. The left hand and the right halves of the output are swapped to produce the preoutput. The preoutput is passed through a final permutation (IP-1), an inverse of the initial permutation function to achieve the 64-bit ciphertext. The overall process for DES is explained in the diagram belowFigure General Depiction of DES Encryption Algorithm 7 page 67The right hand side of the diagram explains how the 56-bit key is used during the process. The key is passed through a permutation function initially and then for each of the 16 rounds a subkey (Ki) is generated, by combining left circular shift and a permutation. For every round the permutation function is same, but the subkey is different because of the repeated iteration of the key bits.Since the adoption of DES as a standard, there have always been concerns about the level of security provided by it. The two areas of concern in DES are the key length and that the design criteria for the internal structure of the DES, the S-boxes, were classified. The issue with the key length was, it was reduced to 56 bits from 128 bits as in the LUCIFER algorithm add a new reference, which was the base for DES and everyone suspected that this is an enormous abate making it too short to withstand brute-force attacks. Also the user could not be made sure of any weak points in the internal structure of DES that would allow NSA to decipher the messages without the benefit of the key. The recent work on differential cryptanalysis and subsequent events indicated that the internal structure of DES is very strong.2.2.1.2 Triple DESTriple DES was demonstrable as an alternative to the potential vulnerability of the standard DES to a brute-force attack. It became very popular in Internet-based applications. Triple DES uses seven-fold encryptions with DES and multiple keys as shown in the figure below. Triple DES with two keys is comparatively favourite(a) to DES but Triple DES with three keys is preferred overall. The plaintext P is encrypted with the first key K1, then decrypted with the second key K2 and then finally encrypted again with the third ke y K3.According to the figure the ciphertext C is produced as C = EK3DK2EK1PThese keys need to be applied in the reverse order while decrypting. The ciphertext c is decrypted with the third key K3 first, then encrypted with the second key K2, and then finally decrypted again with the first key K1 also called as Encrypt- rewrite-Encrypt (EDE) mode, producing the plaintext P as P = DK1EK2DK3CFigure Triple DES encryption/decryption 6 page 722.2.1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard2.3 Encryption in Database SecurityOrganizations are increasingly relying on, possibly distributed, information systems for daily championship hence they become more vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Database security has gained a substantial importance over the period of time. Database security has always been about protecting the data data in the form of customer information, intellectual property, financial assets, technical transactions, and any number of other records that are retained, managed and used on the systems. The confidentiality and integrity of this data needs to be protected as it is converted into information and knowledge within the enterprise. Core enterprise data is stored in relational databases and then offered up via applications to users. These databases typically store the most valuable information assets of an enterprise and are under constant threat, not only from the external users but also from the legitimate users such as trusted insiders, passing users, consultants and partners or perhaps their unprotected user accounts that compromise the system and take or modify the data for some inappropriate purpose.To begin with, classifying the types of information in the database and the security needs associated with them is the first and important step. As databases are used in a multitude of ways, it is useful to have some of the primary functions characterized in order to understand the different securit y requirements. A number of security techniques have been developed and are being developed for database security, encryption being one of them. Encryption is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithm (cipher) into unreadable form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) making it inaccessible to anyone without possessing special knowledge to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any program without the decryption key, is called encryption 1.2.3.1 Access EncryptionThere are multiple reasons for access control to confidential information in enterprise computing environments being challenging. Few of them are First, the number of information services in an enterprise computing environment is coarse which makes the management of access rights essential. Second, a client might not know which access rights are necessary in order to be granted access to the reques ted information before requesting access. Third, flexible access rights including context-sensitive constraints must be supported by access controlAccess control schemes can be broadly classified in two types proof-based and encryption-based access control schemes. In a proof-based scheme, a client needs to tack together some access rights in a proof of access, which demonstrates to a service that the client is authorized to access the requested information. Proof-based access control is preferred to be used for scenarios where client specific access rights needed are flexible. It becomes easy to include support for constraints if the access rights are flexible. However, it is not the same case for covert access requirements. According to the existing designs, it is assumed that a service can inform a client of the nature of the required proof of access. The service does not need to locate the required access rights, which can be an expensive task, in proof-based access control sc heme. 9 In an encryption-based access-control scheme, confidential information is provided to any client in an encrypted form by the service. Clients who are authorized to access the information have the corresponding decryption key. Encryption-based access-control scheme is attractive for scenarios where there are lots of queries to a service shielding the service from having to run client-specific access control. As compared to proof-based access control it is straightforward to add support for covert access requirements to existing encryption-based computer architectures. In particular, all the information is encrypted by the service as usual, but the client is not told about the corresponding decryption key to use. The client has a set of decryption keys, the client now needs to search this set for a matching key. On the other hand, considering that key management should live simple, it is less straightforward to add support for constraints on access rights to the proposed arch itectures. 102.3.1.1 Encryption-Based Access ControlEncryption-based access control is attractive, in case there are lots of requests for the same information, as it is independent of the individual clients issuing these requests. For example, an information item can be encrypted once and the service can use the ciphertext for answering multiple requests. However, dealing with constraints on access rights and with granularity cognisant access rights becomes difficult with the uniform treatment of requests. Further challenges are presented in cases of covert access requirements and service-independent access rights. The main requirements for encryption based access control are Any knowledge about the used encryption key or the required decryption key must not be revealed by the encrypted information. For decrypting encrypted information, each value of a constraint must require a separate key that should be accessible only under the given constraint/value combination and we want a sc heme that supports hierarchical constraints to make key management simple. The decryption key for coarse-grained information should be derivable from the key for fine-grained information to further simplify key management. A single decryption key will be used to decrypt the same information offered by multiple services as implied by the service-independent access rights. Because of this, same information can be accessed by a service encrypting information offered by other services in a symmetric cryptosystem. This problem can be avoided by using asymmetric cryptosystem. 82.3.1.2 Encryption-Based Access Control TechniquesAn access-control architecture will be an ideal one if the access rights are simple to manage the system is constrainable and is aware of granularity. The architecture also has to be asymmetric, provide indistinguishability, and be personalizable in the case of proof-based access control. Some common encryption-based access control techniques areIdentity Based Encryp tion An identity-based encryption scheme is specified by four randomized algorithms Setup takes a security parameter k and returns system parameters and master-key. The system parameters include a translation of a finite message space m and a description of a finite ciphertext space c. Intuitively, the system parameters will be in public known, while the master-key will be known only to the Private make Generator (PKG). stir takes as input system parameters, master-key, and an arbitrary ID 0,1*, and returns a private key d. ID is an arbitrary string which is then used as a public key, and d is the corresponding private decryption key. The Extract algorithm extracts a private key from the given public key. Encrypt takes as input system parameters, ID, and M m. It returns a ciphertext C c. Decrypt takes as input system parameters, C c, and a private key d. It returns M m.Standard consistency constraint must be pleasant by these algorithms, especially when d is the private key generated by algorithm Extract when it is given ID as the public key, then M m Decrypt (params, d) = M where C = Encrypt (params, ID, M) 11Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption sensation of the first practical IBE schemes was presented by Boneh and Franklin. Gentry and Silverberg 7 introduced Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption scheme based on Boneh and Franklins work. In HIBE, private keys are given out by a stock PKG to the sub PKGs, which then in turn distribute private keys to individuals (sub PKGs) in their domains. There are IDs associated with the root PKG and the public key of an individual corresponds to these IDs, any sub PKGs on the path from the root PKG to the individual, and the individual. Public parameters are required only from the root PKG for encrypting messages. It has the advantage of reduction the amount o

Elasticity Experiment: Application of Hookes Law

E finalicity Experiment Application of Hookes LawNguyen Manh TriInvestigation of childs playIntroductionGeneral statementAny string that competent to continue and come back its original space brook be aimed as a leakage. Each edge has eonian of malleableity ( abrasiveness) that depends on its material. A simple spring gener aloney is made from metal.BackgroundElastic push backs of the springs egress at the ends of the springs and material effect on the skin senses or railroad tie with it as it is tryed (Elert, 1998). The direction of resilient force counters the direction of the foreign force causing deformation. Specifically, when stretched, the elastic force of the spring towards the axis of the spring on the privileged even when compressed, the elastic force of the spring axis oriented outwards.The most popular fair play of snap fastener is Hookes law. When a force is utilise to an elastic object, the object depart be stretched. A change in length l is forme d. In the elastic sterilise, the order of magnitude of the elastic force of the spring is proportional to the deformation of the spring. Hookes law stack be expressed as = k ()where k is a uniform value which tapers the stiffness of the object (Belenki, Salaev and Sulemanov, 1988). The k value has social unit of newton per meter.A spring of length l1 is hung up by a bracket as appearancen in exercise 1. If a mass is utilise to the separate end the spring, the spring will be stretched, resilient until all the energy is gone and form a new length l2. in that locationfore the system is balanced, the applied force, the charge of the mass, must equal the succouroring forceMg = k(l2 l1) = klFigure 1Mathematically, Mg = k rotter be written asl = 1.0Equation 1.0 also can be performed as a linear equation (Treloar and Dunn, 1974)y = mxwhere y is l and x is M.Then if we hang more(prenominal) and more weights for the spring and measure the length l for each, the gradient of the graph is (Bbc.co.uk, 2014). Consequently, we can distinguish the constant value k by calculating the gradient.For no-account or steel wire rope elastic force only when external forces are stretched. In this case the elastic force is called tension. tightness ascertain point and direction like elastic force of the spring. For the contact surface is deformed when pressed against each other, with the elastic force rectangular to the contact surface.AimsTo determine the constant of elasticity of several different springsTo find out the elastic limit.Hypothesis at that place are number of factors which presume the springs constant. One of these factors is the types of material, which makes the stiffness of springs different. Hookes law is accurate with simple objects such as springs. With material such as rubber or plastics, the dependence in the midst of the elastic forces in the deformation could more complicate (Belenki, Salaev and Sulemanov, 1988).In essence, the elastic inte raction forces mingled with molecules or atoms, i.e. the electromagnetic force between electrons and protons inside the elastic material.When the large deformation to a certain value, the elastic force does non appear again, and this value is called the elastic limit, if you exceed the time limit elastic deformation material will not be able to return original shape after impact not deform more.Figure 2 Elastic limitMethod and MaterialsFigure 3 Experimental set-upMethodThe experiment was set up as shown in figure 3.The retort stand was placed firmly on the table.A spring was attached to the retort stand.The length of the spring (l1) in rest state was measured (using ruler) and recorded.The mass hanger (10 grams) was hung up the other end of the spring. sore length of the spring (after applied the mass hanger) was measured (using ruler) and recorded. The change of length of the spring was calculated and recorded. One set of data was obtained afterwards.A weight was placed on the ma ss hanger. parvenu length of the spring (after applied the weight) was measured (using ruler) and recorded. The change of length of the spring was calculated and recorded. Another set of data was obtained afterwards.Another weight was placed (20 grams total) and step 8 was past repeated.Step 9 was repeated until no weight left. 8 other sets of data were obtained afterwards.Steps 3 to 10 were repeated for the new springs (the remain 2 springs). Finally, 30 sets of data were obtained (10 sets each spring).ResultsTable 1 starting signal spring resultsl1 for the origin spring = 13 mmM (g)l2 (mm)l = l2 l1 (mm)1014120163301854020750218602411702512802512902815 deoxycytidine monophosphate3118Table 2 Second spring resultsl1 for the original spring = 20 mmM (g)l2 (mm)l = l2 l1 (mm)10200202003022240244502886032127035158039199042221004626Table 3 Third spring resultsl1 for the first spring = 20 mmM (g)l2 (mm)l = l2 l1 (mm)1020020200302004022250244602777032128034149038181004020Figure 4 C hange of length against mass for the first springFigure 5 Change of length against mass for the second springFigure 6 Change of length against mass for the third springAs shown in figure 4, 5, and 6 three straight lines are formed and show a trend that the weight increases with increasing l.DiscussionCalculation Results from dispel 1 experimentFrom figure 4,y = 0.1834x 1therefore,gradient (m1) = 0.1834 mm/gFrom figure 5,y = 0.3062x 6therefore,gradient (m2) = 0.3062 mm/gFrom figure 6,y = 0.2774x 8therefore,gradient (m3) = 0.2774 mm/gSince the spring constants are measured bygradient (m) = therefore,k = We also grow g = 9.81 (ms-2),k1 = = = 53.50 mmgs-2k2 = = = 32.04 mmgs-2k3 = = = 35.36 mmgs-2Results analysisBe casing of above factors, some points such as (10 0) from figure 5 and (10 0), (20 0) from figure 6 are not entaild in the trend line. The smallest share of the ruler is 1mm so it is unable to distinguish the l between 0 gram and 10, 20 grams. Parallax illusion also is a cause of these strange points. Because of the very first l are too small, wrong angles between eyes and ruler may cause the errors of these points.Y-intercepts for 3 springs are -1, -6 and -8 respectively. The y-intercept -1 is a very small value and is able to show the the true of the experiment. The others two are very much bigger because of different constant k values of springs (53.50, 32.04 and 35.36 respectively). For the first spring, which has k value are 53.50, it is much easier to distinguish different l values for the first weights. Consequently, there is no strange point is recorded for this spring, all the points involves in the trend line. For the last two springs, k values are almost half of the first one and it hard to distinguish l values for the first weights. This is the priming why strange points are recorded and do not involve in the trend lines. Consequently, the trend lines of these springs tend to go far outside the origins when pass the y-axis.Errors a nalysis and other factors affecting the experimentParallax errorParallax error is the most popular error in physics (Aphysicsteacher.blogspot.co.uk, 2009). Because this experiment pick out many small values (smaller than mm), so parallax error may cause many wrong data and strange points. The concept of parallax error is link to the term parallax. For instance, in figure 7, different positions of eyes result in 3 values for the measurement (two of them are wrong values).Soparallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observer changes.Figure 7 Example for parallax errorConsequently, the accuracy of the measurement depends on the angle between eyes and ruler. Because of this error, l values are slightly greater or smaller and results in slightly change of k values. To minimize this error, a pointer can be utilize to help read the outmatch on the ruler and the surmount had to be viewed at eye take aim (Cyberphysics.co.uk, 2014).TemperatureM aterials thermal expansion coefficient and stiffness are connected. This connection is mathematically hypothesise as = where the G is a constant value (0.4 G is a constant value so if temperature is increased, density increases and stiffness increases if temperature decreased, density decreases and stiffness decreases.Accuracy of rulerThe smallest share of plastic ruler is 1mm. As mentioned above, there are many small values so it is necessary to consider the error percentage caused by accuracy of ruler.ImprovementTo minimize parallax error, a pointer can be used to help read the scale on the ruler and the scale had to be viewed at eye direct (Cyberphysics.co.uk, 2014).To minimize temperature error, the air temperature should be held on standard (room temperature 298K).To minimize accuracy of ruler error, an instrument which has small length accurately should be used (Mohindroo, 2006). The accuracy of the result can be greatly improved.ConclusionThe constant of elasticity of 3 springs are 53.50, 32.04 and 35.36 respectively by calculating as mentioned above. Summarizing the three points, this experiment has met the objectives stated in the introduction. Knowledge about elasticity and constant of elasticity has learnt through this study.It is unable to find out the elastic limits because if keep adding weights until the springs can stretch more, the springs will be damaged and will not be able to come back its original shapes (Sadd, 2005).There are some factors are mentioned above, which are affect the results of this experiment. These factors do not change the results significantly (strange points were recorded only for the very first weights). summonBbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC GCSE Bitesize Hookes Law. online purchasable at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/forces/forceselasticityrev2.shtml Accessed 26 Mar. 2015.Belenki, G., Salaev, . and Sulemanov, R. (1988). Deformation effects in layer crystals. Sov. Phys. Usp., 31(5), pp.434-455 .Cyberphysics.co.uk, (2014). Hookes Law. online Available at http//www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/forces/hooke.htm Accessed 26 Mar. 2015.Elert, G. (1998). Elasticity The Physics Hypertextbook. online Physics.info. Available at http//physics.info/elasticity/ Accessed 29 Mar. 2015.Mohindroo, K.K. (2006). +2 Practical Physics Vol. II Fifth Revised Edition. New Delhi Pitambar Publishing.Sadd, M. (2005). Elasticity. Amsterdam Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.Treloar, L. and Dunn, A. (1974). Rubber and rubber elasticity. New York Wiley.

Popular Religion And Popular Culture Religion Essay

general religion And pop purification Religion EssayPopular godliness and familiar polish in the of late(a) twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can bidwise be understood by the means in which individuals and aggroups belonging to the mainstream religion engage their assent. Expressions of e preciseday religion can often be at considerable variance from what is offici exclusivelyy supposed to be deemed as sacred. In this respect, popular religion absorbs m whatsoever an(prenominal) attributes of humane experience that might be looked d suffer on by purveyors of traditional religion. Amongst various aspects of American aliveness, contemporaneous popular religion can be outdo identified in regards of Hollywood fool a government agencys, pop medication, popular literature, humorous masss, and the Internet.The evolution of Hollywood fills involving ghostlike themes has been rooted largely in the biblical epic. As a popular genre during the 1950s and 1960s , key examples of these epic unearthly fritters include The scrubs (1953), The Ten Commandments (1956), Ben-Hur (1959), King of Kings(1961), and The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) among others. These films ordinarily had huge cinematic scale, massive take budgets and box-office celebrities much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Richard Burton, Jean Simmons, grievous bodily harm Von Sydow, Charlton Heston, Deborah Kerr, and Yul Brynner.In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were numerous mutual exclusiveness films with sacred themes, around notably Rosemarys Baby (1968), The Exorcist (1973), and The prognosticate (1976). In Rosemarys Baby, a young, innocent Manhattan housewife is deceived by a coven of witches into giving giving birth to the eponymous child who is actually the son of Satan. The Exorcist was a plague film that dealt with a young girls demonic possession and her wealthy mothers dread(a) attempts to rescue her daughter through an exorcism by 2 Ca tholic priests. Serving as the pinnacle of the demon child movies of the era, The Omen is the tommyrot of a wealthy diplomats family unknowingly adopting a child who is actually the Antichrist foretold in the Book of Revelation. Representing an inte domiciliateing bl annul of story elements from twain Rosemarys Baby and The Exorcist, The Omen spawned several(prenominal) sequels as well as a remake.There atomic number 18 a great variety of deliveryman movies that throw off made their way to the silver screen. In 1961, MGMs release of King of Kings (a remake of Cecil B. DeMilles 1927 film of the equal title) was the first attempt by a major film studio apartment to produce a sacred epic in which the rescuer showcase was its main focus. That movie was followed years later other cinematic renditions of saviour such as The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), the musical Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), The furthest come-on of Christ (1988), The hotness of the Christ (2004), and m ost recently The Color of the Cross (2006). By illustration, Martin Scorseses The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) portrays the last days of Jesus Christ as he is tempted by Satan by glimpses of what life might fuck off been like had Jesus not been crucified including marrying and making love with Mary Magdalene. Based on Nikos Kazantzakis 1960 novel of the same name, the movies main point is that Jesus, while free from human sin, might have still been vulnerable to all manners of come-on that humans face, including doubt, fearful reluctance, lustful yearning, and regret. By confronting and ultimately conquering all of humanitys weaknesses, Jesus struggled to do beau ideals will while never surrendering to earthly temptations. At the films end, Christ finally rejects all temptations and the film concludes with the crucifixion. As can be imagined, this film generated a considerable deal of controversy due to its humble matter.The Passion of the Christ (2004) is a film co-written, co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. consort to Gibson, the films primary source material is derived from the Christs passion narratives order in the cardinal synoptic Gospels despite taking creative liberties of incorporating quotes and images from two the Hebraic Bible and spick-and-span Testament. charm deliberately mirroring traditional lay outations of the Passion in visual art, the film recounts depiction of the last 12 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazargonth, particularly the arrest, trial, torture, and crucifixion of Jesus. In spite of criticism regarding the constitutional violence, diachronical inaccuracy, and perceived anti-Semitic references, the overwhelming success of the studios marketing contract amongst Catholics and ev backerical Christians helped the film set numerous box-office records simultaneously. Having earned just about $ cd cardinal, The Passion of the Christ holds the record for the most pre-release ticket sales and the highest-grossing R -rated film in U.S. history as well as the highest-grossing religious film world broad(a). Further more(prenominal), because the films dialogue is entirely spoken in Aramaic, Latin, and Hebrew with English subtitles, The Passion of the Christ is overly the highest grossing non-English language film to date.While m whatsoever religious films since the 1950s were typically found on Christian stories, other films have been based in other religious traditions. For instance, The Message (Mohammed The Messenger of God) (1976) based upon Islamic history and stirred great controversy upon its release. The film depicts the historic moment when the prophet Mohammed receives the Word from Allah during the 7th century A.D. in the lay East still decreed by polytheism. After this fateful event, Mohammed begins move his messengers to proclaim the basic teachings and tenets of Islam throughout the Middle East. The films production was complicated by the fact that, according to the teachings of the Quran, neither any likenesses can be shown of the prophet Mohammed and his extended family nor the image and voice of God ever be pictured in any medium. To overcome this challenge, the lead role of Mohammed was as an absorbed protagonist while the reference point of Mohammeds uncle functiond as a replacement for Mohammed who alternately uttered lines and listened off-screen to a voice the audience never heard to repeal the heresy of limning images of either Allah or Mohammed.Filmmakers Joel Coen and Ethan Coen have wrestled with issues of Judaic film representations. Two of the Coen brothers films, Barton Fink (1991) and The Big Lebowski (1998), argon especially noteworthy for their assorted abundance of overtly albeit offbeat Judaic characters. The Coens brothers have been accused of depicting anti-Jewish ethnic stereotypes in their numerous films such as Bernie the Shmatte, a cravenly double-tongued hustler, in their third feature film, milling machines Crossing (19 90). However, their film A proficient Man (2009) is a remarkably provocative and poignant portrayal of Jewish American experience during the 1960s culled from their childhood memories of growing up in St. Louis Park, a suburban Jewish community south of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Drawing hard from the cultural tradition of Ashkenazic Judaism, the film centers on the Job-like professional and private plights of Larry Gopnik, a physics professor undergoing a crisis of faith. Struggling to make sense of his ruined life, Gopnik desperately seeking metaphysical advice and spiritual guidance from tierce rabbis to release a person of substance. Ultimately the film grapples with theological issues pertaining to the human abject in ways that strive to reconcile the spiritual and the absurd.Popular Religion and Popular MusicThe emergence of popular music is one of Americas sterling(prenominal) cultural achievements and since the mid-20th century has had several inspired practitioners whos e lives and recordings in the music fabrication that helped energize the American society by defining a unfermented outlook where the sacred and the secular coexisted in spite of appearance the mainstream. For example, Aretha Franklin was born in Memphis, Tennessee as one of five children belonging to Rev. C. L. Franklin, a famous Baptist minister, and Barbara Siggers Franklin, a vocalizer and pianist. Franklins parents had a troubled relations informed and separated for the final time when Aretha was six, going away her and her siblings to be increase by their paternal grandmother, Rachel Franklin. During her childhood, the home was regularly visited by many of her fathers famous friends including Clara Ward, Sam Cooke, and Mahalia Jackson. In the presence of such evangel singing music legends, Franklins talents both as a self-taught piano prodigy and a gifted singer with an extraordinary vocal range became apparent by the time she entered her teens. As noted in her autobiog raphy, Franklin stated that her early creed singing was patterned after Albertina Walker. Although early motherhood nearly derailed Franklins gospel career, once she decided to return to singing professionally as a pop musician rather than a gospel artist. When she signed a contract with Atlantic Records and began running(a) with legendary RB producer Jerry Wexler to hold a more gospel element into Franklins evolving musical sound. By the end of the 1960s, Franklins designation as the reining Queen of Soul was clearly established. Although most of her phonograph phonograph albums were best sellers during this era, the release of Amazing Grace (1972) in conclusion sold over two million copies in the United States and has been hailed as the best-selling gospel album of all time. Marking a triumphant return to her gospel roots, the songs on Amazing Grace were recorded live at New temple Missionary Baptist church service in Los Angeles, California alongside her father as well as gospel legend and family friend Rev. James Cleveland with relief vocals by the Southern California Community Choir in January 1972.In the late 1970s, Bob Dylan became a born-again Christian and released two albums of Christian gospel music Slow Train Coming (1979) and Saved (1980). When working on Slow Train Coming with Jerry Wexler, the veteran RB producer, Dylan had started to prophesy to him during the recording. Wexler replied Bob, youre dealing with a sixty-two-year old Jewish atheist. Lets just make an album. The album won Dylan a Grammy Award as Best Male vocalizer for the song Gotta Serve Somebody. When touring from the fall of 1979 through the spring of 1980, Dylan would not constitute any of his older, secular works. Realizing that there was considerably vocal backlash to his tweet of Christianity by some of his fans and fellow musicians, Dylan frequently delivered declarations of his faith from the stage.Another iconic figure in the realm of popular music that under went deep religious conversion was the country music legend Johnny currency.Rediscovering his Christian faith in the early 1970s, cash in recalled taking an altar call at Rev. Jimmy Rodgers Snows Evangel Temple, a small church in Nashville, TN because, unconnected many larger churches, he said that the pastor and congregation tough like just a regular parishioner and not a celebrity. His intimacy with famed Christian minister Billy Graham led to the production of The Gospel Road, a film roughly the life of Jesus, that Cash both co-wrote and narrated. The ten saw his religious conviction deepening, and he made many evangelical appearances on Billy Graham Crusades around the world. In 1986, Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a reserve about Sauls conversion into the Apostle Paul. In 1990, Cash also recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament.Matisyahu is an American Hasidic Jewish reggae musician far-famed blending traditional Jewish themes within reggae, alternative brandish, electronica, and pelvic arch pass over sounds. Matisyahu was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania as Matthew Paul Miller on June 30, 1979. His family eventually relocated to White Plains, New York where he was raised as a Reconstructionist Jew. While Matisyahu was an ardent music lover, he be Hebrew school at Bet Am Shalom, a synagogue located in White Plains. At the age of sixteen, Matisyahu participated in a semester-long immersion program at the Alexander Muss High indoctrinate in Hod Hasharon, Israel that allowed him deeper exploration of his Jewish heritage. This overall experience affected his feelings towards Judaism so greatly that he eventually adopted Orthodox Jewish modus vivendi by becoming a Baal Teshuva by 2001. Initially he found his way to the Carlebach Shul on the West Side of Manhattan. Matisyahu then found his way to Chabad of Washington Square. From 2001 until 2007, Matisyahu was affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic community in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York. Shortly after his embrace of hasidism, Matisyahu began studying Torah at Hadar Hatorah, a yeshiva for returnees to Judaism As one example of his devotion, he will not set in concert on Friday nights in faithful observance of the Jewish Sabbath. He later recounted such diverse influences as Phish, Bob Marley and the Wailers, God Street Wine and Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach among his musical inspirations.There is a proliferation of musical genres that represent a variety of religious backgrounds from Stryper (a Christian dangerous metallic element band) to gospel singing (a Christian alternative / hard shiver band) to the Kominas (a Punjabi taqwacore-Islamic hardcore punk carry-group) to A Tribe Called Quest (an African American hip- hop group predominantly composed of Sunni Muslim converts). In the 1980s,Stryper was a Christian heavy metal band from Orange County, California, USA. The name Stryper derives from Isaiah 535 (KJV)But he was wounded fo r our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities the chastisement of our peace was upon him and with his stripes we are healed. The biblical reference is also part of Strypers logo on most of their releases. (They also incorporate stripes into most of their outfits and their logo.) Once the band embraced the name of Stryper, drummer Robert afters created a acronym which is Salvation Through Redemption, Yielding Peace, Encouragement, and Righteousness. Not only did Stryper please great mainstream success during the latter half of the 1980s, they are pioneers in the mainstream vulgarization of Christian metal music and even achieved a Grammy Award nomination. Stryper eventually broke up in 1992, which also marked the waning popularity of heavy metal as a musical genre.In the late nineties and early 2000s, Creed was a popular, multi-platinum selling American alternative / post-grunge rock band from Tallahassee, Florida often identified as a Christian rock band. The band was never signed to a contemporary Christian music label, did not perform in Christian music venues and never got any widespread regular play on Christian radio, Creeds first iii albums focused on themes of Christian faith and spirituality. Themes within their song titles such as Higher, My Sacrifice, Whats This Life For, My Own Prison, With Arms Wide Open, and virtuoso Last Breath the bands lyrics allude to Christian theology although they frequently refuted the Christian label. identical to the Christian rock movement, The Kominas (whose name means bastards in Punjabi) are a Taqwacore punk band hailing from the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The Muslim punk trio consisting of Basim Usmani, Shahjehan Khan, and Adam Brierly rock out with songs titles of Dishoom, Baby or Sharia Law in the USA. hotshot of the Kominas best cognise songs, Rumi was a Homo, a protest song against homophobia within the American Muslim community, was featured in Skidmore Colleges Music Against Hatred co ncert. indite mainly by Usmani, the bands lyrics are clever, sometimes thought-provoking commentaries on racial profiling, foreign policy, and religious faith. The Kominas critically acclaimed debut album, Wild Nights in Guantanamo Bay, was released in March 2008.As a fusion of punk, metal, and Bhangra folk music The band uses the landmark Bollywood Muslim punk in order to describe their sound. The music and resourcefulness typically draws from anti-colonial movements, Moghul art, American related to Islam, such as Moresque Science Temple, Five Percenters (an offshoot of the Nation of Islam), and Desi culture, Punjabi folklore, Sufi saints from Punjab, Hinduism, and Bollywood cinema.Formed in the late 1980s, A Tribe Called Quest was an African American hip hop group consisting of detractor/producer Q-Tip (Kamaal Ibn John Fareed, formerly Jonathan Davis), rapper Phife Dawg (Malik Taylor), and DJ/producer Ali Shaheed Muhammad that explored Sunni Islam. They released five albums i n ten years, the first three of which were both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. By 1996, lead rapper Q-Tip underwent a deepy religious awakening and, upon spiritual guidance from his friend, Ali Shaheed Muhammad, soon converted to Islam. While on tour, Q-Tips friend introduced him to a talented young producer from Detroit named Jay Dee (also known as J Dilla). Immediately taking the newcomer under his wing, Q-tip and the rest of Tribe agreed to form a production unit with Jay Dee. The group named their production company The Ummah (meaning community, nation, or brotherhood in Arabic) because Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad were devout Muslims. In addition to producing A Tribe Called Quests final two studio albums, the Ummah served as a music production collective that provided backing tracks for a wide array of RB and hip hop artists. Although the group officially disbanded in 1998 and Jay Dee death in 2006of a blood disease, their innovative blend of hip hop and ja zz has left an indelible imprint upon hip hop music.Popular Religion in Popular LiteratureIn the late 1990s and early 2000s, Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins novel Left shadow A new(a) of the Earths Last Days officially launched a best-selling fictional series of 18 Christian-themed thrillers. It was narrative form to a specific apocalyptic adaptation of the Bible, particularly the Book of Revelation. This novel has received largely favorable reactions from the late Jerry Falwell and other leading figures in the Evangelical Christian community who broadly speaking approved of how the authors represented the millennial / apocalyptic themes within Christian theology in a worldly language that was also commercially executable within the entertainment industry. The interpretation of Revelation, as presented in the Left Behind series, also encourages a largely individualistic approach to eschatology and salvation that eschews any responsibility for performing good deeds or evangeliz ing. Regardless of such criticism, the overall sales for Left Behind series has surpassed 65 million copies and has also inspired several movies, graphic novels, CDs, a video punt and a Left Behind series for teenagers.Similarly, author Dan Browns best-selling novels also include historical themes and Christianity as recurring motifs, and as a result, have generated controversy. Browns first novel, Angels Demons (2000) is bestselling mystery-thriller novel focused on fictional Harvard University symbologist Robert Langdons quest to bring on the mysteries of the Illuminati and to unravel a plot to destroy Vatican City by detonating antimatter. The book portrays a historical conflict between the Illuminati and the Roman Catholic Church as a contest between science and religion. Browns subsequent novel, The Da Vinci Code (2003) also examines ancient history, conspiracy theories of secret societies, religious symbolism, and important architecture. Combining the detective, thriller, and conspiracy fiction genres, The Da Vinci Code provoked popular interest in speculation concerning the historic roots of Christianity. Despite world flatly denounced by many Christian denominations as a corruptible attack on the Roman Catholic Church rife with historical and scientific inaccuracy, The Da Vinci Code is a worldwide bestseller that had sold roughly 80 million copies that has been translated into 44 languages.Popular Religion in jovial BooksThere are numerous examples of popular religion being utilised in the world of suspect books and graphic novels. For instance, the DC Vertigo ludicrous book series Preacher chronicled the fictional exploits of Jesse Custer, a small town pastor in Annville, Texas who is experiencing an extraordinary crisis of faith. After Genesis, a creature depict as the supernatural spawn of the inexplicable coupling between an angel and a demon, accidentally takes possession of him, Custer becomes a hybrid human-divine being that potentia lly wields enough power to ultimately rival even God. Inhabited by this spiritual force composed of both sharp goodness and pure evil, the jolly book portrays the title character of the comic book arguably becomes the most powerful being in existence. Tragically, this realization results in a disaster that turns his church to rubble and killed his entire congregation. Spurred by his highly positive sense of morality and a strong sense of purpose, the comic book illustrates Custers paranormal adventures as he treks across the United States in a quest to find God for himself both figuratively and literally. Following a trend within American comic books during the 1960s and 1970s very much akin to the Death of God theological movement, Preacher alludes to a God that has abandoned creation and thus has left humanity to its own devices for better or worse. During its publication from 1995 to 2000, Preacher was a controversial comic book series renowned by some and reviled by others fo r both its dark and frequently violent humor as well as its unabashed treatment of religious and supernatural themes.Since the 1970s, there have been several characters that accentuate various dimensions of spiritual practices prevalent throughout the African diaspora. A particularly notable example of an African American supernatural superhero named familiar Voodoo who appeared in a variety of comic books published by Marvel Comics during the 1970s. Returning to his native Port-au-Prince, Haiti after more than a decade of education and practice as a psychologist in the United States, Jericho Drumm assumes the alter ego of Brother Voodoo possesses numerous superhuman and unavowed powers such as easily entering into a trance-like state in which his hide becomes impervious to burning and other forms of pain as well as being able to control flame and lower life forms these are all power that the comic book creators attribute to the characters mastery of mystical rituals derived from the loa, the spirit-gods of Haitian vodou. As an attempt to introduce a character with a very unique ethnic, cultural, and religious background, Brother Voodoo was later followed by other figures in the Marvel pantheon of characters such as the female skipper Marvel whose alter ego, Monica Rambeau, hailed from the Creole religiosity of contemporary New siege of Orleans or the character of Storm (aka Ororo Monroe) from the X-Men series whose backstory harkens to being an East African hailed as a demi-goddess because of her mutant ability to control the weather. While these are certainly not the first or only comic book characters of African descent to be introduced, these creations were attempts to merge issues of race and religion in interesting ways.Moving in a considerable different vein, the primordial figure in DC Vertigo Comics series Hellblazer is a character named John Constantine who pursues a mysterious life as a streetwise detective who frequently crosses the supernatu ral boundaries between heaven and hell on earth in order to confronting various dangers of an occult nature in the ordinary world. As a foul-mouthed, chain-smoking, hedonistic cynic arguably working for the greater good, Constantine usually triumphs through guile, deceit and misdirection. At the end of his exploits, he typically makes more enemies in the process of resolving a particular conflict than the opponents he originally intends to defeat. Even though depicted as a fraudulent individual, the narrative shows Constantine to be a well-connected person who is supremely esthesis at making friends and has a wide array of otherworldly contacts and immoral allies at his disposal. Consequently, the overarching narrative reveals Constantine to be a compassionate and now and again heroic figure struggling to overcome the influence of heaven and hell upon an otherwise unsuspecting humanity. In other words, the protagonist of Hellblazer serves as a fictional incarnation of the humani st anti-hero as a trickster of sorts. As such, this book is highly indicative of a trend in mainstream comic books that has been quite popular amongst comic book creators and fans alike wherein the mortal characters such as Constantine are imbued with an agnostic spiritual worldview over and above a sense of moral ambiguity as they unapologetically grapple with seemingly unsurmountable hazards both mundane and arcane. On the whole, while there is no paucity of evidence of popular religion at work in comic books and graphic novels, there is presently a shortage dearth of donnish research and discussion on the matter.Popular Religion and the InternetOne of the most exceptional transformations in the emergence of popular religion in the latter half of the twentieth century has been the burgeoning presence of religion coming into court on the Internet. From the mid-1990s to present, an exponential number of churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples have a firm ground within cybersp ace. Towards this end, there are numerous websites such as be adrift Faith.com and Beliefnet.com connect innumerable Christian communities nationally and internationally via the Internet with the change magnitude prospect of connecting with other religious groups in a virtual fashion. Since the creation and widespread use of the Internet in the 1990s, online Christian resources have tended to dominate religious themed content to date. This has been of particular importance given the presumption that most Internet users hailed from North America or Western Europe, regions deemed predominantly Christian. This assume dominance has shifted due to the increasing level of Internet access and literacy by populations in the developing nations of the global South, most notably in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Even though it is highly unlikely that the worlds religions ever will be fully and equally represented in cyberspace, the democratic impulse of the founding Wide Web will cause the demographics to begin reflecting the religious renewal among a growing array of internet users worldwide. Moreover, for those members of faith communities that are comparatively small and geographically isolated from a traditional house of worship, the introduction Wide Web provides these practitioners an alternate means of interaction and connection. By sexual morality of having Internet access, adherents of such faith traditions can receive update schooling about their religion, obtain latest spiritual resources, and engage in communication theory with other faithful believers. There are a variety of religious websites such as Torah Net (www.torah.net), Allaahuakbar Net (www.allaahuakbar.net), Gospel Communications meshwork (www.gospel.com), Gateways to Buddhism (www.dharmanet.org) and The Witches Voice (www.witchvox.org) are religious oriented news and networking web resources that serve as lively examples of popular religion.See also Celebrity Culture Electronic Church Internet Literature Contemporary Lived Religion Pluralism Popular Religion and Popular Culture entries Radio Spirituality Contemporary Trends television Visual Culture entries.Juan Floyd-Thomas